Model- and auth-profile Q&A. For setup, sessions, gateway, channels, and troubleshooting, see the main FAQ.

Models: defaults, selection, aliases, switching

```text
agents.defaults.model.primary
```

Models are `provider/model` refs (example: `openai/gpt-5.5`,
`anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6`). Always set `provider/model` explicitly. If
you omit the provider, OpenClaw tries an alias match first, then a unique
configured-provider match for that model id, then falls back to the
configured default provider (deprecated compatibility path). If that
provider no longer has the configured default model, OpenClaw falls back
to the first configured provider/model instead of a stale default.

Route models per agent and use sub-agents to parallelize long tasks (each
sub-agent consumes its own tokens). See [Models](/concepts/models),
[Sub-agents](/tools/subagents), [MiniMax](/providers/minimax), and
[Local models](/gateway/local-models).

- `/model` in chat (per-session, see [Slash commands](/tools/slash-commands))
- `openclaw models set ...` (updates just model config)
- `openclaw configure --section model` (interactive)
- edit `agents.defaults.model` in `~/.openclaw/openclaw.json` directly

For RPC edits, inspect with `config.schema.lookup` first (normalized
path, shallow schema docs, child summaries), then prefer `config.patch`
over `config.apply` with a partial object. If you did overwrite config,
restore from backup or run `openclaw doctor` to repair.

Docs: [Models](/concepts/models), [Configure](/cli/configure),
[Config](/cli/config), [Doctor](/gateway/doctor).

1. Install Ollama from `https://ollama.com/download`
2. Pull a local model, e.g. `ollama pull gemma4`
3. For cloud models too, run `ollama signin`
4. Run `openclaw onboard`, choose `Ollama`, then `Local` or `Cloud + Local`

`Cloud + Local` gives you cloud models plus your local Ollama models;
cloud models such as `kimi-k2.5:cloud` need no local pull. To switch
manually: `openclaw models list`, then `openclaw models set ollama/<model>`.

Smaller/heavily quantized models are more vulnerable to prompt injection.
Use large models for any bot with tool access; if you use small models
anyway, enable sandboxing and strict tool allowlists.

Docs: [Ollama](/providers/ollama), [Local models](/gateway/local-models),
[Model providers](/concepts/model-providers), [Security](/gateway/security),
[Sandboxing](/gateway/sandboxing).

Force a specific auth profile per session with `@profile`:

```text
/model opus@anthropic:default
/model opus@anthropic:work
```

To unpin a profile set with `@profile`, re-run `/model` without the
suffix (e.g. `/model anthropic/claude-opus-4-6`), or pick the default from
`/model`. Use `/model status` to confirm the active auth profile.

A user-selected `/model` ref is strict for fallback: if that
provider/model becomes unavailable, the reply fails visibly instead of
falling back to `agents.defaults.model.fallbacks`. Configured fallback
chains still apply to configured defaults, cron job primaries, and
auto-selected fallback state. When a non-session-override run is allowed
to use fallback, OpenClaw tries the requested provider/model first, then
configured fallbacks, then the configured primary — so duplicate bare
model ids never jump straight back to the default provider.

See [Models](/concepts/models) and [Model failover](/concepts/model-failover).

- **Native Codex coding agent:** set `agents.defaults.model.primary` to
  `openai/gpt-5.5`. Sign in with `openclaw models auth login --provider
  openai` for ChatGPT/Codex subscription auth.
- **Direct OpenAI API tasks outside the agent loop:** configure
  `OPENAI_API_KEY` for images, embeddings, speech, realtime, and other
  non-agent OpenAI API surfaces.
- **OpenAI agent API-key auth:** `/model openai/gpt-5.5` with an ordered
  `openai` API-key profile.
- **Sub-agents:** route coding tasks to a Codex-focused agent with its
  own `openai/gpt-5.5` model.

See [Models](/concepts/models) and [Slash commands](/tools/slash-commands).

```json5
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      models: {
        "openai/gpt-5.5": {
          params: {
            fastMode: "auto",
            fastAutoOnSeconds: 30,
          },
        },
      },
    },
  },
}
```

Fast mode maps to `service_tier = "priority"` on native OpenAI Responses
requests; existing `service_tier` values are preserved and fast mode does
not rewrite `reasoning` or `text.verbosity`. Session `/fast` overrides beat
config defaults.

See [Thinking and fast mode](/tools/thinking) and the Fast mode section
under Advanced configuration on the [OpenAI](/providers/openai) provider
page.

```text
Model override "provider/model" is not allowed by agents.defaults.modelPolicy.allow.
```

Fix: add the exact model or a provider wildcard such as `"provider/*"` to
the named `modelPolicy.allow` list, remove/empty that list, or pick a model
from `/model list`. If the command also
included `--runtime codex`, update the allowlist first, then retry the
same `/model provider/model --runtime codex` command.

**Option A: switch per session**

```json5
{
  env: { MINIMAX_API_KEY: "sk-...", OPENAI_API_KEY: "sk-..." },
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M3" },
      models: {
        "minimax/MiniMax-M3": { alias: "minimax" },
        "openai/gpt-5.5": { alias: "gpt" },
      },
    },
  },
}
```

Then `/model gpt`.

**Option B: separate agents** — Agent A defaults to MiniMax, Agent B
defaults to OpenAI; route by agent or use `/agent` to switch.

Docs: [Models](/concepts/models), [Multi-Agent Routing](/concepts/multi-agent),
[MiniMax](/providers/minimax), [OpenAI](/providers/openai).

| Alias | Resolves to |
| --- | --- |
| `opus` | `anthropic/claude-opus-4-8` |
| `sonnet` | `anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6` |
| `gpt` | `openai/gpt-5.4` |
| `gpt-mini` | `openai/gpt-5.4-mini` |
| `gpt-nano` | `openai/gpt-5.4-nano` |
| `gemini` | `google/gemini-3.1-pro-preview` |
| `gemini-flash` | `google/gemini-3-flash-preview` |
| `gemini-flash-lite` | `google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite` |

Your own alias with the same name overrides the built-in one.

```json5
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6" },
      models: {
        "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "opus" },
        "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": { alias: "sonnet" },
      },
    },
  },
}
```

Then `/model sonnet` (or `/<alias>` when supported) resolves to that
model id.

```json5
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6" },
      models: { "openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": {} },
    },
  },
  env: { OPENROUTER_API_KEY: "sk-or-..." },
}
```

Z.AI (GLM models):

```json5
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "zai/glm-5.1" },
      models: { "zai/glm-5.1": {} },
    },
  },
  env: { ZAI_API_KEY: "..." },
}
```

Missing provider key for a referenced provider/model raises a runtime
auth error (e.g. `No API key found for provider "zai"`).

**No API key found for provider after adding a new agent**

A new agent has an empty auth store — auth is per-agent, stored at:

```text
~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json
```

Fix: run `openclaw agents add <id>` and configure auth in the wizard, or
copy only portable static `api_key`/`token` profiles from the main
agent's store. For OAuth, sign in from the new agent when it needs its
own account. See [Multi-Agent Routing](/concepts/multi-agent) for the
full `agentDir` reuse and credential-sharing rules — never reuse
`agentDir` across agents.

Model failover and "All models failed"

1. **Auth profile rotation** within the same provider.
2. **Model fallback** to the next model in `agents.defaults.model.fallbacks`.

Cooldowns apply to failing profiles (exponential backoff), so OpenClaw
keeps responding when a provider is rate-limited or temporarily failing.

The rate-limit bucket covers more than plain `429`: `Too many concurrent
requests`, `ThrottlingException`, `concurrency limit reached`, `workers_ai
... quota limit exceeded`, `resource exhausted`, and periodic
usage-window limits (`weekly/monthly limit reached`) all count as
failover-worthy rate limits.

Billing responses aren't always `402`, and some `402`s stay in the
transient/rate-limit bucket rather than the billing lane. Explicit
billing text on `401`/`403` can still route to billing; provider-specific
text matchers (e.g. OpenRouter `Key limit exceeded`) stay scoped to their
own provider. A `402` that reads like a retryable usage-window or
org/workspace spend limit (`daily limit reached, resets tomorrow`,
`organization spending limit exceeded`) is treated as `rate_limit`, not a
long billing disable.

Context-overflow errors stay off the fallback path entirely — signatures
like `request_too_large`, `input exceeds the maximum number of tokens`,
`input token count exceeds the maximum number of input tokens`, `input is
too long for the model`, or `ollama error: context length exceeded` go to
compaction/retry instead of advancing model fallback.

Generic server-error text is narrower than "anything with unknown/error
in it". Provider-scoped transient shapes that do count as failover
signals: Anthropic bare `An unknown error occurred`, OpenRouter bare
`Provider returned error`, stop-reason errors like `Unhandled stop reason:
error`, JSON `api_error` payloads with transient server text (`internal
server error`, `unknown error, 520`, `upstream error`, `backend error`),
and provider-busy errors like `ModelNotReadyException` when the provider
context matches. Generic internal fallback text like `LLM request failed
with an unknown error.` stays conservative and does not trigger fallback
by itself.

**Fix checklist:**

- Confirm where profiles live — current:
  `~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json`; legacy:
  `~/.openclaw/agent/*` (migrated by `openclaw doctor`).
- Confirm the Gateway loads your env var. `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` set only in
  your shell won't reach a Gateway run via systemd/launchd — put it in
  `~/.openclaw/.env` or enable `env.shellEnv`.
- Confirm you're editing the right agent — multi-agent setups have
  multiple `auth-profiles.json` files.
- Run `openclaw models status` to see configured models and provider
  auth state.

**For "No credentials found for profile anthropic" (no email suffix):**

The run is pinned to an Anthropic profile the Gateway can't find.

- Use Claude CLI: run `openclaw models auth login --provider anthropic
  --method cli --set-default` on the gateway host.
- Prefer an API key instead: put `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` in
  `~/.openclaw/.env` on the gateway host, then clear any pinned order
  that forces the missing profile:

  ```bash
  openclaw models auth order clear --provider anthropic
  ```

- Remote mode: auth profiles live on the gateway machine, not your
  laptop — confirm you're running commands there.

**LLM request rejected: thinking signature required (Google Antigravity)**

Cause: session history has thinking blocks without signatures (often
from an aborted/partial stream); Google Antigravity requires signatures
on thinking blocks. OpenClaw strips unsigned thinking blocks for Google
Antigravity Claude; if it still appears, start a new session or set
`/thinking off` for that agent.

Auth profiles: what they are and how to manage them

Related: /concepts/oauth (OAuth flows, token storage, multi-account patterns)

```text
~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json
```

Inspect saved profiles without dumping secrets: `openclaw models auth
list` (optionally `--provider <id>` or `--json`). See
[Models CLI](/cli/models#auth-profiles).

OpenClaw may skip a profile in a short **cooldown** (rate limits,
timeouts, auth failures) or a longer **disabled** state
(billing/insufficient credits). Inspect with `openclaw models status
--json` and check `auth.unusableProfiles`. Tune with
`auth.cooldowns.billingBackoffHours*`. Rate-limit cooldowns can be
model-scoped — a profile cooling down for one model can still serve a
sibling model on the same provider; billing/disabled windows block the
whole profile.

Set a per-agent order override (stored in that agent's `auth-state.json`):

```bash
# Defaults to the configured default agent (omit --agent)
openclaw models auth order get --provider anthropic

# Lock rotation to a single profile
openclaw models auth order set --provider anthropic anthropic:default

# Or set an explicit order (fallback within provider)
openclaw models auth order set --provider anthropic anthropic:work anthropic:default

# Clear override (fall back to config auth.order / round-robin)
openclaw models auth order clear --provider anthropic

# Target a specific agent
openclaw models auth order set --provider anthropic --agent main anthropic:default
```

Verify what will actually be tried: `openclaw models status --probe`. A
stored profile omitted from an explicit order reports
`excluded_by_auth_order` instead of being tried silently.

The wizard supports Anthropic Claude CLI, OpenAI Codex OAuth, and API
keys.

Related

• FAQ — the main FAQ
• FAQ — quick start and first-run setup
• Model selection
• Model failover

Source: docs/help/faq-models.md